What is the name for the closed shoes worn in ancient Rome?

The name for the closed shoes worn in ancient Rome is "calcei." This term specifically refers to a type of footwear that covered the entire foot and was often made of leather. The design of calcei allowed for more protection and warmth compared to other types of footwear such as sandals. They were typically worn by the upper classes and were a sign of status, as they were more formal than open sandals.

The other terms mentioned refer to different items. "Soleae" are the sandals commonly worn in everyday life during the Roman era, leaving the feet exposed. "Lacerna" is a type of cloak, and "paenula" refers to a hooded cloak often worn for warmth. Keeping these distinctions in mind helps in understanding the various aspects of Roman clothing and footwear.